Housing segregation in the United States was shaped by federal housing policy in the twentieth century. Government agencies created redlining maps that restricted mortgage access in Black neighborhoods. The Federal Housing Administration insured loans primarily in racially homogeneous suburbs. The GI Bill expanded homeownership but was unevenly administered, limiting access for Black veterans. These policies structured long-term disparities in home equity and wealth accumulat

The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the GI Bill, is frequently celebrated as a game-changer in American history. By providing returning World War II veterans with key benefits such as higher education, low-interest home loans, and job training, it played a vital role in expanding the American middle class. Yet, this promise was not shared equally among all veterans. Black veterans faced significant barriers that denied them the full benefits of the GI