In 2010, Michelle Alexander published the influential book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. This work has since sparked crucial conversations about race and the criminal justice system in America. Its main argument is striking: “We have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it.” This bold statement questions our understanding of race and justice today.

In 1987, the McCleskey v. Kemp case shifted the focus on systemic racism in America, particularly regarding the death penalty. The case exposed the stark inequalities faced by racial minorities within the justice system, ultimately altering the landscape of racial justice in the United States.