Following the Civil War, Reconstruction-era law enforcement frequently prioritized protection of property and agricultural production over equal protection of Black communities. Property crimes and contract disputes were prosecuted aggressively, while racial violence often received inconsistent legal response. Examining these enforcement patterns provides critical context for understanding how “law and order” historically functioned to preserve economic stability and ownershi

In 2010, Michelle Alexander published the influential book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. This work has since sparked crucial conversations about race and the criminal justice system in America. Its main argument is striking: “We have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it.” This bold statement questions our understanding of race and justice today.