Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was one of the most influential Black politicians in twentieth-century America, yet his role in shaping civil rights legislation and federal policy is often overlooked. Representing Harlem in Congress for nearly three decades, Powell helped advance legislation involving education, labor protections, healthcare, anti-poverty programs, and civil rights enforcement during segregation.

For many years, the phrase “people of color” was used as though it described a unified political community. The idea carried an intuitive appeal. Different racial and ethnic groups had experienced discrimination in different ways, and many had participated in overlapping civil rights struggles. It seemed reasonable to assume that those shared experiences would translate into shared political priorities.